is the established hierarchy of groups based on perceived “race”. The hierarchy was created to designate superiority to one group in order to benefit from the oppression and exploitation of other groups. We absorb the privileges, stereotypes, norms, and disadvantages that extend from this structure through socialization.

is embedded in institutional systems; the direct link between residential schools’ conscious cultural destruction to social issues, such as poverty, employment, education, health and legal issues for Indigenous people is an example.

is between people, e.g. treatment in stores and restaurants.

occurs when people targeted by racism come to believe that the stereotypes and prejudices of racism are valid. They may act out this belief by oppressing others of their own group, or by devaluing themselves through feelings of shame, self-hatred, isolation, powerlessness, self-doubt and despair.